What Is the Uniform Gifts to Minors Act (UGMA)?

The Uniform Gifts to Minors Act (UGMA) allows individuals to give or transfer assets to underage beneficiaries. The act, which was developed in 1956 and revised in 1966, is commonly used to transfer assets from parents to their children. The amount is free of gift tax, up to a certain amount. The assets are usually placed in UGMA accounts on behalf of minors, eliminating the need for an attorney to establish a special trust fund. UGMA funds are also subject to special tax treatment.

How a UGMA Account Works

A UGMA account functions as a type of custodial account. It is designed to hold and protect assets for the beneficiary. The donor can appoint themselves, another person, or a financial institution in the role of custodian. The custodian has the authority to buy stocks, bonds, mutual funds, and other securities on behalf of the minor.

UGMA accounts can be opened through a bank or brokerage institution. Friends and family can make contributions to the accounts, which carry no contribution or income limits. Contributions are made with after-tax dollars, which means donors don't receive an income tax deduction. Deposits are irrevocable. This means that they become permanent transfers to the minor and the minor's account. So the transfer cannot be reversed.

UGMA assets are typically used to fund a child’s education, but the donor can make withdrawals for just about any expenses that benefit the beneficiary. There are no withdrawal penalties. However, because UGMA assets are technically owned by the minor, they do count as assets if they apply for federal financial aid for college, possibly decreasing their eligibility.

Once they reach the age of majority in their state, minors are granted full access to their UGMA account. At that point, they may use the funds as they please.

Special Considerations

The minor or beneficiary is considered the owner of all assets in a UGMA account and the income they generate for tax purposes. But the earnings can be taxed either to the child or the parent. Reporting requirements depend on the amount of income the account generates and the beneficiary’s age.

A UGMA can affect a donor’s lifetime gifting limits for tax purposes. Should a donor who acts as the custodian die before the custodial property is transferred to the minor, the entire custodial property is included in the donor's taxable estate.

Uniform Gifts to Minors Act (UGMA) vs. Uniform Transfers to Minors Act (UTMA)

The terms UGMA and Uniform Transfers to Minors Act (UTMA) are usually used interchangeably. In fact, the UTMA, which was established in 1986, is an extension of the UGMA. There are some unique similarities between the two, in that they both require that donors name a custodian. This individual manages and invests the assets until the beneficiary comes of age. And both contend that any assets belong to the minor once gifted.

Having said that, there are some distinctions between the UGMA and UTMA. Custodial accounts set up under the UTMA can contain any kind of tangible or intangible asset, including real estate, works of art, and intellectual property. In contrast, UGMA accounts are limited to financial assets, such as cash, stocks, bonds, and insurance products (policies, annuities).

The UTMA allows children to take advantage of investing without having any associated tax burdens. The gift tax exclusion provided by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) was up to $16,000 per person for 2022 ($17,000 for 2023) for a qualifying gift, including gifts to minors.

UGMA vs. 529 Plans

As noted above, UGMA accounts come with no withdrawal penalties. This means that accounts can be used to pay for various expenses, including the costs to fund an education. But there is another type of account that parents can use to save for their children's studies—notably the 529 plan.

A 529 plan is a tax-advantaged savings account that is intended solely for qualified educational expenses, including tuition, equipment, and certain living costs. Originally meant for just postsecondary education, parents can now use 529 plans for any qualified education expenses beginning in kindergarten. It also covers apprentice program expenses.

Here's how they work. Anyone can open an account, including parents and grandparents. Unlike UGMA accounts, there are contribution limits for 529 plans, which vary by state. The limits tend to be very high, so many parents don't have to worry about hitting the ceiling. The money invested in a 529 plan is allowed to grow on a tax-deferred basis. Any withdrawals made from the account are tax-free provided they are used for qualified education expenses.

529 plans come in two different types:

• Prepaid Tuition Plans: These prepaid plans lock in future tuition costs at the current rate at specific colleges and universities. As such, account holders can lock in tuition prices and save money in the future.
• Savings Plans: These accounts work just like individual retirement accounts (IRAs).

Advantages and Disadvantages of UGMA

There are a number of benefits and drawbacks that come with using the UGMA to help save for a minor's future. We've listed some of the most common below.

Advantages

One of the main benefits of having UGMA accounts is that they're simple, easy to understand, and very easy to set up. You can do so through a financial institution or a brokerage firm. And they can be set up by anyone, including family or friends.

UGMA accounts come with no contribution limits. Just keep in mind that there is a gift tax imposed by the IRS, which does place caps on how much individuals can set aside as a gift to others. Similarly, there are no withdrawal limits or restrictions. This means that money can be taken out at any time and for whatever reason.

There is more flexibility when it comes to how you can use a UGMA account. Unlike other plans, you aren't limited to using the funds or assets for things like education.

One of the biggest advantages is that they allow parents and others to skip the trust process. The assets placed within a UGMA account automatically become the property of the minor, which means there's no question of ownership.

Disadvantages

All UGMA accounts are irrevocable. As such, once you transfer assets to the account, they become the property of the minor and are no longer yours. This means that you can't change your mind, so once the transfer is complete, it's there for good.

UGMAs can be used against the beneficiary if they want to get any type of financial aid in the future, including student loans. That's because they're considered the child's property. If the value of the account is fairly substantial, it may decrease the amount of aid they may receive—if they get any at all.

There are no tax benefits to owning a UGMA account. The IRS doesn't allow any tax credits or tax deductions for setting aside money in a child's UGMA like it would for a 529 plan.

Contribution Limits and Taxes

As noted above, there are no actual limits to how much you can contribute to a UGMA account. But there is an important consideration when it comes to these types of accounts: Anything you contribute to your child's UGMA account may be considered a gift.

The IRS puts caps on how much anyone can gift another individual. For 2022, parents can gift as much as $16,000 to their children without any tax consequences. That amount was adjusted for inflation for the 2023 tax year to $17,000.

But what about taxation? Under certain circumstances, parents may report their children’s UGMA accounts on their own tax returns and take advantage of the kiddie tax or the Tax on a Child's Investment and Other Unearned Income. This means that parents can report their child’s income on their own tax return if the child's unearned income, including UGMA earnings, was less than $2,300 in 2022 ($2,500 in 2023) and they were no older than 19 (or 24 if a full-time student).

In this case, the first $1,150 of the child’s unearned income is treated as tax-free (increasing to $1,250 in 2023). The next $1,150 is taxed at the child’s tax rate. Anything exceeding $2,300 is taxed at the parent's tax rate. If such an election is not made or if the child’s unearned income exceeded $2,300 at the end of the tax year, the minor would have to file a tax return subject to “kiddie tax” rules.

The Bottom Line

There are many ways that parents and others can help secure the financial futures of their children or other minors. The Uniform Gifts to Minors Act provides one way to do so. UGMA accounts are easy to open and understand and allow individuals to contribute cash and other assets to a single underaged beneficiary. They are designed to be very flexible because individuals can use them for any purpose. But there are a few caveats to these types of accounts that parents should understand. There are no tax benefits and deposits become irrevocable as soon as they're made. If you're unsure of whether this type of account is right for your beneficiary, make sure you consult a financial professional to help guide you.