What Is an Indifference Curve?

An indifference curve is a chart showing various combinations of two goods or commodities that consumers can choose. At any point on the curve, the combination of the two will leave the consumer equally well off or equally satisfied—hence indifferent.

For instance, if you like both hot dogs and hamburgers, you may be indifferent to buying either 20 hot dogs and no hamburgers, 45 hamburgers and no hot dogs, or some combination of the two—for example, 14 hot dogs and 20 hamburgers (see point “A” in the chart below). Either combination provides the same utility.

Understanding Indifference Curves

Standard indifference curve analysis operates using a simple two-dimensional chart. Each axis represents one type of economic good. Along the indifference curve, a consumer will have no preference between any of the combinations of goods represented by points on the curve. This is because the combination of goods on an indifference curve provides the same level of utility to the consumer. For example, a young boy might be indifferent between possessing two comic books and one toy truck, or four toy trucks and one comic book, so both of these combinations would be points on an indifference curve of the young boy.

Indifference curves are heuristic devices used in contemporary microeconomics to demonstrate consumer preference and the limitations of a budget. Economists have adopted the principles of indifference curves in the study of welfare economics.

Indifference Curve Analysis

Indifference curves operate under many assumptions. For example, each indifference curve is typically convex to the origin, and no two indifference curves ever intersect. Consumers are always assumed to be more satisfied when achieving bundles of goods on indifference curves that are farther from the origin. As income increases, an individual will typically shift their consumption level because they can afford more commodities. The result is that they will end up on an indifference curve that is farther from the origin—hence better off. Many core principles of microeconomics appear in indifference curve analysis, including:

• Individual choice
• Marginal utility theory
• Income
• Substitution effects
• The subjective theory of value

Indifference curve analysis emphasizes marginal rates of substitution (MRS) and opportunity costs. Indifference curve analysis typically assumes that all other variables are constant or stable.

Most economic textbooks build upon indifference curves to introduce the optimal choice of goods for any consumer based on that consumer’s income. Classic analysis suggests that the optimal consumption bundle takes place at the point where a consumer’s indifference curve is tangent with their budget constraint.

Criticisms and Complications of the Indifference Curve

Indifference curves, like many aspects of contemporary economics, have been criticized for oversimplifying or making unrealistic assumptions about human behavior. For example, consumer preferences might change between two different points in time, rendering specific indifference curves practically useless.

Other critics note that it is theoretically possible to have concave indifference curves or even circular curves that are either convex or concave to the origin at various points.

The Bottom Line

An indifference curve is a tool used in economics and business. Each point on the curve is a different combination of two goods in various quantities. Theoretically, any point on the curve will provide equal satisfaction (utility) to an individual. Consumers are thus "indifferent" to which combination they choose over another. Typically, indifference curves are shown convex to the origin, and no two indifference curves ever intersect. Indifference curves have been criticized for making unrealistic assumptions about consumer behavior. Some economists argue that every choice indicates a preference for one combination over another, not indifference to the outcome. Others note that consumer preferences can change over time, which would make a given indifference curve useless for any analysis.